In Persistent Depressive Disorder, what mood symptom must also be present?

In Persistent Depressive Disorder, also known as dysthymia, the presence of a mood symptom such as feelings of hopelessness is a critical aspect of its diagnostic criteria. This disorder is characterized by a chronic state of depression that persists for two years or longer in adults (one year for children and adolescents). Feelings of hopelessness not only align with the overall low mood characteristic of persistent depressive disorder, but they also suggest a pervasive negative outlook on life, which is central to the experience of individuals with this condition.

People suffering from Persistent Depressive Disorder often find it difficult to envision a better future and may struggle with a pessimistic view of their lives and self-worth. This element of hopelessness can contribute significantly to the disorder's debilitating effects, making it essential for diagnosis and treatment considerations.

The other options do not fit the criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder as they do not reflect the mood symptoms associated with it. Heightened self-esteem is inconsistent with the depressive state, intense fear of failure can be associated with anxiety-related disorders, and extreme irritability, while potentially present in some mood disorders, does not specifically define the chronic low mood and hopelessness that characterize Persistent Depressive Disorder. Thus, feelings of hopelessness serve as a key mood